History of cement Types of Cement Markings cements Technology of manufacturing of cement Cement plants CIS Cement - Building a powdered binder, which - has hydraulic properties. Cement is made up of clinker and, if necessary, gypsum or its derivatives and additives. The interaction with water or other liquids cement forms a plastic mass (cement paste), which zatverdevaya, turns into kamnepodobnoe body. To cement the larger group of hydraulic binders, the main part of which are silicates and calcium aluminates formed as a result of burning up to the sintering raw mix of the good. HISTORY OF CEMENT Around 3000-4000 BC found ways to obtain artificial binder by firing some of the rocks and fine grinding of the products of this burning. The first artificial binders - Gypsum, and then known - were used in the construction of unique buildings: a concrete picture of the legendary labyrinth in ancient Egypt (3600 BC), the basements of old buildings in Mexico, the Great Wall, the Roman Pantheon. Clay, gypsum and lime are able to harden and serve only in the air, so these adhesives are called air. All air binders are characterized by relatively low strength. Over time, learned to improve the water resistance of mortar, in giving them finely ground clay, brick fight or volcanic rocks, known as "pozzolana". So they were called by the Romans of the place of deposits near the town Potstsuolli. Once existed on the territory of Russia, the development of binding materials associated with the emergence of ancient cities - Kiev, Novgorod, Moscow and others Cementing materials used in the construction of walls, towers, cathedrals. In 1584, in Moscow, was established by the "Stone Order", which, along with the procurement of building stone and brick was in charge of issuing the production of lime. Several thousands of plaster and common lime are the only adhesives. However, they differed insufficient water resistance. The development of navigation in the XVII-XVIII centuries. required for the construction of port facilities to create new binders, resistant to water. In 1756 an Englishman D. Smith roasting limestone with clay impurities got waterproof binder, called hydraulic lime. In 1796, Englishman, D. Parker was patented novel cement that can harden as the air and in water. In our time, these binders have lost practical meaning, but before the second half of XIX century. They were the main materials for the construction of hydraulic structures. Intensive development of industry in Russia in the XVIII century. When it was built 3 thousand industrial enterprises, in addition to mountain plants require systematization of lessons learned production and use of binders, to create more effective their species. In 1807, Academician VM Severgin gave a description of binder, obtained by firing marls, followed by grinding. The resulting product quality was better than the novel cement. In Russia began producing cement in the last century. In the early 20-ies of XIX century. E. Deliev kilns binder was a mixture of lime and clay, and published their findings in a book published in Moscow in 1825 In 1856 was launched Russia's first Portland cement plant, which is located in Grozdetse, then the plants were built in Riga (1866), Shchurov (1870), Punane-Kunda (1871), Podolsk (1874), Novorossiysk (1882), etc. In the early 20 century, in Russia there are 60 cement plants with total capacity of about 1,6 million tons of cement. However, after the First World War, most cement plants have been destroyed. With the advent of Soviet power the cement industry of Russia had to create from scratch. In 1962, the Soviet Union took first place in the world for producing cement. In 1971, production of cement in the country exceeded 100 million tons. Cement Industry of the USSR had a high concentration of production. Average power of a cement plant in the USSR was almost 2 times higher than in the U.S., and 30% higher than in Japan. Today, Russia ranks fifth in the world in terms of cement production, behind China, India, USA and Japan. Russia cement industry is among the fastest growing global industries with rates of about 9%, while in the coming years we can predict an increase in growth. Today, the main disadvantage of Russian cement plants is that they use the wet method of cement production, which is much more energy than that used in the developed world dry method. Therefore, it is important for companies to move gradually to more advanced energy saving technologies. Types of cement White Cement Waterproof expanding cement Waterproof, non-shrink cement Hydrophobic cement Glinozemesty cement Magnesium cement Portland Sulfate-resistant cement Well cement Slag Cement Colored cement White cement (BC) made from low-iron clinker (gray ordinary cement mainly due to the presence of iron compounds in the initial raw materials). White cement is a material with unique characteristics that can be used in the manufacture of sculptural elements, columns, as well as finishing work, such as the façade. Aesthetic requirements for facades and other building elements of the parade, make use of white cement is particularly effective. White cement is also used to color cement-concrete road surfaces, such as squares with monumental structures. Waterproof expanding cement (VRTS) is a quick-and fast-hardening hydraulic binder, obtained by co-grinding and careful mixing powdered alumina cement, gypsum and highly basic gidroalyuminata calcium. Cement is characterized by rapid grasp: the beginning of the process, before 4 min., End no later than 10 minutes. after mixing. Linear expansion of samples of cement paste, hardening in water for 1 day. Must be within the range 0,3-1%. VRTS used for zachekanki and waterproofing seams tubing Spigot connections create waterproofing coatings, sealing joints and cracks in reinforced concrete structures, etc.